WHEN INDIA ISSUE Banknote on Weaving AS in khemr nation

Banknote on Weaving in khemr nation WHEN INDIA WILL GIVE US THIS CREDIT FOR WEAVERS ON COINS ,BANKNOTES
A loom is a machine or device for weaving thread or yarn into textiles. Looms can range from very small hand-held frames, to large free-standing hand looms, to huge automatic mechanical devices. The ancient Egyptians and Chinese used looms as early as 4000 BC.
The basic purpose of any loom is to hold the warp threads under tension to facilitate the interweaving of the weft threads. The precise shape of the loom and its mechanics may vary, but the basic function is the same.
Weaving is the textile art in which two distinct sets of yarns or threads, called the warp and the filling or weft (older woof), are interlaced with each other to form a fabric or cloth. The warp threads run lengthways of the piece of cloth, and the weft runs across from side to side.
Warp and weft in plain weaving.
Cloth is woven on a loom, a device for holding the warp threads in place while the filling threads are woven through them. Weft is an old English word meaning “that which is woven”.
The manner in which the warp and filling threads interlace with each other is known as the weave. The three basic weaves are plain weave, satin weave, and twill, and the majority of woven products are created with one of these weaves.Woven cloth can be plain (in one color or a simple pattern), or it can be woven in decorative or artistic designs, including tapestries. Fabric in which the warp and/or weft is tie-dyed before weaving is called ikat

RAJGHAT FAMOUS PLACES OF DELHI for SALE mail to musham@gmail.com,

RAJGHAT FDC,places of Delhi 15 FDC for SALE
Rajghat,is the place where Mahatma Gandhi was cremated. A memorial to the father of the nation,
Set in the midst of deep green lawns, Rajghat is the place where Mahatma Gandhi was cremated. A memorial to the
father of the nation, Rajghat is a simple square platform with a black memorial stone with “Hey Ram” inscribed on it.
“Hey Ram” were the last words uttered by the Mahatma before collapsing after being shot at.
Located on the west bank of the River Yamuna, Rajghat is surrounded by a wooded area and several exotic shrubs that
give the area a serene ambience. Walk along the ornate stone pathways as you relax on your tours to the samadhi of
one of the greatest leaders, statesman and humanist ever born.
India Travel Portal arranges for you to pay your respects at Rajghat and feel an indescribable peace as you approach
the resting place of one of the greatest proponents of non-violence.
Also tour the Gandhi Memorial Museum and the Gandhi Balidan Sthal as a part of your Rajghat tours with India Travel
Portal.
Delhi Forts are the sheer reminders of the glorious era of city’s successive dynasties. Visit the colossal Red Fort
and Old Fort two major attractions of the city capital.
Monumental heritage of Delhi is well preserved in its forts, palaces, temples and mosques. Visit the magnificent
Qutb Minar that holds lot of surprises in its colossal minaret.
India Gate is constructed as a memorial and was built in the memory of 90,00 soldiers who laid down their lives
during world war I. Located at Rajpath, India Gate is 42 m high and is popular relaxation area during the summer
evenings. India Gate also act as popular pinic spot during winter. Also known as the All India War Memorial, India
Gate was designed and constructed by Lutyens. He was the who is considered the chief proclaimer in designing the New
Delhi plans.
If it were not for the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms of 1919, the Parliament House may not have been built. It’s corny
how the building most indispensable to modern Indian democracy came up as an afterthought. Earlier called the
Circular House, it was added to the layout at a later stage following the reforms which created a large Legislative
Assembly.
This edifice is the brainchild of Herbert Baker and was much criticized in comparison with Lutyens creations. An
article by Robert Byron in Architectural Review, January 1931describes it thus: “The Council Chamber has been Sir
Herbert’s unhappiest venture. Its effect from a distance has been described. It resembles a Spanish bull-ring, lying
like a mill-wheel dropped accidentally on its side.”
The Viceroy Palace remains Lutyens most significant achievement. It is befittingly the crowning glory of the British
Empire and architecture in India. Today, it is perhaps India’s best known monument after the Taj Mahal and the Qutub
Minar. Bigger than the Palace of Versailles, it cost a whopping £12,53,000 and now houses the President of India. It
is unquestionably a masterpiece of symmetry, discipline, silhouette, colour and harmony. of course, it has come in
for much criticism too but that has mostly been limited to the imperial intent behind it rather than its
architecture.
The construction of Humayun’s tomb was taken up by the grief-stricken wife of Humayun, Hamida Banu, also known as
Bega Begam in 1565. Legend has it that the design of the Taj was inspired from this tomb’s. In pure architectural
sense, this building is probably superior and much more beautiful that the stunning Taj. Sacrilege? But really, the
only thing this building lacks is the showy marble.
Humayun- The Mughal Emperor Costructed The Fort
When the second Mughal emperor Humayun decided to make a city of his own he decided on the site of the ancient city
of Indraprastha. Humayun was quite a scholar with a fine grasp on such matters and so it is certain that the site was
chosen deliberately. When his Sher Shah Suri overthrew him, he destroyed most of Dinpanah (refuge of the faithful) as
the city of Humayun was called to make way for his own Dilli Sher Shahi or Shergarh. Incidentally, Humayun was
probably the only emperor in history who built a city in Delhi and did not give it his own name – this was typical of
Humayun’s rather sophisticated and dreamy character. The Layout of The Massive Colossal
Jantar Mantar
¤ An Observatory
The Jantar Mantar was built in 1710 by Raja Jai Singh II of Jaipur (1699-1743) in Delhi. This is an observatory
consisting of mason-built astronomical instruments to chart the course of the heavens. Jai Singh, who was a very
scholarly king with a very keen interest in astronomy and astrology, had other observatories built too – in Ujjain,
Jaipur, Mathura (which no longer survives) and Varanasi.
The first among these was this one in Delhi. The yantras (instruments, which has been distorted to Jantar) are built
of brick rubble and plastered with lime. The yantras have evocative names like, samrat yantra, jai prakash, ram
yantra and niyati chakra; each of which are used to for various astronomical calculations.
Qutub Minar in Delhi
¤ Constructed As A Holy Minar
Qutub MinarThe world famous towering Qutub Minar, started in 1192 by Qutub-ud-din Aibak (1192-98), breathes down the
neck of the Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque. There is a slight difference of opinion as to its purpose: it probably was a
tower of victory, but then again it could have been built to be a minar (tower), attached to the Quwwat-ul-Islam
mosque, for the muezzin (priest) to climb up top for a prayer.
¤ Other Belief of Its Construction
Among Delhites there are lots of other theories about the origin of the tower. Some say it was the observatory of the
great scientist Aryabhatta of ancient India, other claim that it was built by Prithvi Chauhan for his daughter to see
the Yamuna. In fact everything short of an extraterrestrial origin has been attributed to it. The presence of the
ancient non-rusting Iron Pillar within the complex further appears to add credence to the first theory. However the
tower, its entire design and architecture are undisputedly Islamic and all the other theories are just matters of
wild surmise.
Considering how shortchanged he was for time, it is doubtful that Qutub-ud-din got much further than a couple of
levels of the minar, in fact many suggest that lived to see only the first storey complete. Altamash, his successor,
completed the remaining tower.
¤ Measures Taken To Keep The Minar In Perfect Shape
It is clear that the tower was very close to the sultanate’s heart, since repeated efforts were made to keep it in
perfect shape. In its long career, the tower got hit by lightening twice – something that, of course, with its height
it was literally asking for. Once during the reign of Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq, who very decently repaired the ensuing
damage. The next time was in the indefatigable builder Feroze Shah Tughlaq’s time, when the topmost storey got
damaged. Feroze Shah, who of course couldn’t well leave things alone, not only repaired the floor, but also sneaked
in another level.
The Mecca of all the lovers, without places to go and extra money to spend in Delhi, is the beautiful and serene Lodi
Garden. Its original purpose was hardly that however. It was designed over two dynasties – the Sayyids and Lodis (15
-16 th century) – to be a sort of everyone-take-one graveyard for their families.
During the British times the garden went under the moniker of Lady Willingdon Park, all that stopped with the
Independence when they reverted back to being good old Lodi garden. In 1968, the gardens were spruced and
relandscaped by JA Stein and Garrett Eckbo. There are several tombs in this area. You can climb to the top of some of
them. However the steps are very steep and dark so it’s strictly not recommended. Apart from breaking your neck, you
might end up being bitten by a snake or something
The result of this combined effort is an interesting mix in styles that is clearly discernable all over the tower.
Each of the original three storeys has different designs. The base storey has alternate angular and circular flutings
while those of the second one are round and the third one has only angular flutings. Their alignment is mercifully
similar, so giving the tower a rhythmic harmony. The pretty projecting balconies have a very interesting pattern,
with icicle-shaped pendentive (an intricate design in which triangular pieces of vaulting spring from the corners of
a rectangular area and support a rounded or polygonal dome) type of brackets. The attractiveness of the balconies is
heightened by the bands of sonorous inscriptions. The diameter (at base) of the Qutub Minar is 14.32m and about 2.75m
at the top.
¤ The Attraction of Crowning Cupola
The tower had a crowning cupola on the top at one time, however this was struck down sometime in the early 19th
century, an earthquake felled it. This was replaced by a well meaning English engineer Major Smith. However it must
have looked quite an eyesore for when Lord Hardinge was Governor-general of British India, he had it removed. You can
see it now on the spruce lawns of the Qutb complex. Come to think of it, it must have been eyesore – it’s called
Smith’s folly.

BANKNOTES of Khadi Commision

Khadi Commision history,banknotes
IN Nagpur session (1920) that the Indian National Congress decided to encourage “Khadi”. The first Khadi Production Centre was established at Katiawad, Gujarat, Mahatma Gandhi used to refer to Khadi as “The delilivery of freedom”.
In fact, Khadi was introduced in 1920 as a political weapon and as the best instrument for giving concrete expression to the Swadeshi Spirit to boycott foreign goods. Khadi rendered an opportunity to every man, woman and child to cultivate self-discipline and self-sacrifice as a part of the non-cooperation movement.
Development of All India Board under the Indian National Congress by Gandhiji.
1923 Given below is a chronology of events that contributed to the development of Khadi in India over time in 1923
1925 Setting up of All India Spinners Association (AISA) / Akhil Bharat Charkha Sangh,
1935 All India Village Industries Association (AIVIA) was formed.
1946 Govt. of Madras sought the advice of Gandhiji and set up a Department for Khadi.
1948 Govt. of India recognized the role of Rural Cottage Industries in the Industrial Policy Resolution, 1948. Constituent Assembly included Cottage Industries in Rural Areas among the directive Principles of the Constitution in Article 43.
These ideas were elaborated in the First five-year Plan, which laid down the Policy framework for setting up of a body for Khadi and Village Industries. Central Govt. also recommended for setting up of a Board.
1953 In accordance with these recommendations, Govt. of India set up All India Khadi & Village Industries Board in January, 1953. (AIKVIB)
1955 It was decided that a statutory body should replace the Board.
1956 Khadi and Village Industries Commission Act 1956 was passed.
1957 Khadi and Village Industries Commission came into being.
The post independence period saw the Government of India and the planning commission assuring the responsibility of fitting Khadi and Village Industries within the framework of five-year plans
Here are photos pf some interesting banknotes issued by the THE VILLAGE AND GRAMAUDYOG commision or other name with a variatin

Mythology of weaving in EUROPE

History of Handlooms
Mythology of weaving,history of KHADI BOARD,banknotes,QUEEN with spindle,
By musham damodhar rao
The theme of weaving in mythology is ancient, and its lost mythic lore probably accompanied the early spread of this art. Westward of Central Asia and the Iranian plateau, weaving is a mystery within woman’s sphere, and where men have become the primary weavers in this part of the world, it is possible that they have usurped the archaic role.
Weaving begins with spinning. Until the spinning wheel was invented in the 14th century, all spinning was done with distaff and spindle. In English the “distaff side” indicates relatives through one’s mother, and thereby denotes a woman’s role in the household economy
Egypt
In pre-Dynastic Egypt, was already the goddess of weaving (and a mighty aid in war as well). She protected the Red Crown of Lower Egypt before the two kingdoms were merged, and in Dynastic times she was known as the most ancient one, to whom the other gods went for wisdom. Nit is identifiable by her emblems and most often it is the loom’s shuttle, with its two recognizable hooks at each end, upon her head. According to The Gods of the Egyptians the root of the word for weaving and also for being are the same
Many of the world’s people understand that the world is woven and that a weaving Creator wove its designs into being
Ancient Romans regarded the processes of spinning and weaving with superstitious awe. In many parts of the Roman empire, laws banned women from holding a spindle in public: should anyone lay eyes on such a woman, it could mean exceptionally bad luck, perhaps even the failure of the harvest.

WONDEROUS Process of weaving

WONDEROUS Process of weaving nowThe process of weaving consists in interlacing, at right angles, two or more series of flexible materials, of which the longitudinal are called warp and the transverse weft. Weaving, therefore, only embraces one section of the textile industry, for felted, plaited, netted, hosiery and lace fabrics lie outside this definition. Felting consists in bringing masses of loose fibres, such as wool and hair, under the combined influences of heat, moisture and friction, when they become firmly inter – locked in every direction. Plaited fabrics have only one series of threads interlaced, and those at other than right angles. In nets all threads are held in their appointed places by knots, which are tied wherever one thread intersects another. Hosiery fabrics, whether made from one or many threads, are held together by intersecting a series of loops; while lace fabrics are formed by passing one set of threads between and round small groups of a second set of threads, instead of moving them from side to side. Notwithstanding the foregoing limitations, woven fabrics are varied in texture and have an enormous range of application. The demands made by prehistoric man for fabrics designed for clothing and shelter were few and simple, and these were fashioned by interlacing strips of fibrous material and grasses, which in their natural condition were long enough for the purpose in hand. But, as he passed from a state of savagery into a civilized being, his needs developed with his culture, and those needs are still extending. It no longer suffices to minister to individual necessities; luxury, commerce and numerous industries must also be considered.
The invention of spinning gave a great impetus to the introduction of varied effects previously; the use of multicoloured threads provided ornament for simple structures, but the demand for variety extended far beyond the limits of colour, and different materials were employed either separately or conjointly, together with different schemes of interlacing. Eventually the weaver was called upon to furnish articles possessing lustre, softness and delicacy; or those that combine strength and durability with diverse colourings, with a snowy whiteness, or with elaborate ornamentation. In cold countries a demand arose for warm clothing, and in hot ones for cooler materials; while commerce and industry have requisitioned fabrics that vary from normal characteristics to those that exceed an inch in thickness. In order to meet these and other requirements the world has been searched for suitable raw materials.

From the animal kingdom, wool, hair, fur, feathers, silk and the pinna fibre have long been procured. From the vegetable kingdom, cotton, flax, hemp, jute, ramie and a host of other less known but almost equally valuable materials are derived. Amongst minerals there are gold, silver, copper, brass, iron, glass and asbestos. In addition, strips of paper, or skin, in the plain, gilt, silvered and painted con – ditions are available as well as artificial fibres. All of the fore – going may be used alone or in combination

EARLIAR COLONIES OF CHOLA ETC

COLONIES BEFORE CHOLA and Local government
Every village was a self-governing unit. A number of villages constituted a larger entity known as a Kurram, Nadu or Kottram, depending on the area. A number of Kurrams constituted a valanadu. These structures underwent constant change and refinement throughout the Chola period
Justice was mostly a local matter in the Chola Empire; minor disputes were settled at the village level.Punishment for minor crimes were in the form of fines or a direction for the offender to donate to some charitable endowment. Even crimes such as manslaughter or murder were punished with fines. Crimes of the state, such as treason, were heard and decided by the king himself; the typical punishment in these cases was either execution or the confiscation of property.

後悔される革新、inconveinence の下の 場所。

このセクションの情報のためのmusham@gmail.com で私達に連絡し

なさい 旅行の協同に Yo u に感謝しなさい

Numisphilately とa のncient 科学のあなたのs の友人

91+09441816605 Musham Damodhar musham@gmail.com

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Место под сожаленной РЕНОВАЦИЕЙ, inconveinence.

свяжитесь мы на musham@gmail.com для информации в

этом

разделе

Возблагодарите Yo у для сотрудничества путешествия

Ваш друг с в науке Numisphilately и а ncient

musham damodhar, 91+09441816605, musham@gmail.com

################################################

Local sob o RENOVATION, inconveinence lamentado.

contatar-nos em musham@gmail.com para a informação

nesta seção Obrigado

Seu amigo em Numisphilately e na ciência antiga

musham damodhar91+09441816605, musham@gmail.com

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

COINS,Nature of government,

Nature of government
In the age of the Cholas, the whole of South India was, for the first time, brought under a single government, when a serious attempt was made to face and solve the problems of public administration. The Cholas’ system of government was monarchical, as in the Sangam age. However, there was little in common between the local chiefdoms of the earlier time and the imperial-like states of Rajaraja Chola and his successors.
The Chola Empire comprised the entire south Indian peninsula,DURING 9-1150 AD extending east to west from coast to coast, and bounded to the north by an irregular line along the Tungabhadra river and the Vengi frontier. Although Vengi had a separate political existence, it was closely connected to the Chola Empire and, for all practical purposes, the Chola dominion extended up to the banks of the Godavari river.Tanjavur, and later, Gangaikonda Cholapuram were the imperial capitals. However both Kanchipuram and Madurai were considered to be regional capitals, in which occasional courts were held. The king was the supreme commander and a benevolent dictator. His administrative role consisted of issuing oral commands to responsible officers when representations were made to him. A powerful bureaucracy assisted the king in the tasks of administration and in executing his orders. Due to the lack of a legislature or a legislative system in the modern sense, the fairness of king’s orders dependent on the goodness of the man and in his belief in Dharma—a sense of fairness and justice.
The Chola kings built temples and endowed them with great wealth.The temples acted not only as places of worship but also as centres of economic activity, benefiting their entire community.